New SIPA-authored books discuss natural disasters, cultural diplomacy, more COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New SIPA-authored books discuss natural disasters, cultural diplomacy, more COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Im always excited to share news about our Seeple. And since the academic year is already underway, I thought everyone would like to hear about the recent literary achievements of some of our SIPA faculty members. Who knows; maybe one of these titles will inspire you as you work on your admissions applications! SIPA lecturer  Hisham Aidi is the winner of  a 2015 American Book Award for  Rebel Music: Race, Empire, and the New Muslim Youth Culture.  The book delves into the role of America’s cultural diplomacy and how different states are trying to use music to shape Islamic politics and discourses.  Read the QA about Rebel Music  and the American Book Award  with SIPA News  here. Professor  Séverine Autesserres new book,   Peaceland, analyzes the everyday practices, narratives and habits of interveners in peace operations and how these often-unconscious factors influence and sometimes impair the effectiveness of international efforts.  Read the QA about Peaceland  with Global Peace Operations Review here. Professor  John Mutters book,  The Disaster Profiteers,  looks at the role of natural disasters in constraining development opportunities for poor and emerging societies.  Read the QA about The Disaster Profiteers  with SIPA News  here. Adjunct associate professor  Gernot Wagners new book  Climate Shock, received a great review by Jeffrey Sachs: deeply insightful, challenging, eye-opening, thought-provoking, and sheer fun to read,” Climate Shock reminds readers of the unknown risks associated with climate change, underscoring the need to address the issue.  Read the QA about Climate Shock  with SIPA News  here.

Opportunities for Leadership in College

College is a time to learn and grow -- both in and out of the classroom. And the longer you spend on campus, the more inclined you might become to try new things. Taking on a college leadership role can, plain and simply  be one of the best ways to challenge yourself and learn some valuable skills that you can use both during and after your college years. Fortunately, theres no shortage of leadership opportunities in college. Be a Resident Adviser in Your Residence Hall While there are lots of pros and cons with this gig, being a resident adviser (RA) can be a great way to build up your leadership skills. Youll learn how to work with a team, mediate conflicts, build community, help people in need, and generally be a resource for your friends and neighbors. All, of course, while having your own room and earning some extra cash. Run for Student Government ​ You dont have to run for student body president to make a difference on your campus -- or to learn some important leadership skills. Consider running for something smaller, like a representative for your Greek house, residence hall, or cultural organization. Even if youre the shy type, youll have the opportunity to watch leadership in action (including the good, the bad, and the ugly) during meetings. Run for a Leadership Role in a Club or Organization Youre Involved With Sometimes, smaller jobs can often help you learn the most. If youd like to get some college leadership experience but dont want to do something campus-wide, consider running for a leadership role in a club youre involved with. You can take your ideas for what the club should be like, turn them into reality, and get some great leadership experience in the process. Take a Position With Your Student Newspaper Writing for the student newspaper may not sound like a traditional leadership role, but it has all the tenets of good leadership skills: time management, communication skills, taking a position and standing by it, working as part of a team, and working under pressure. Run for a Leadership Role in Your Greek Organization Going Greek may have been one of the best decisions of your time in college. So why not give back a little and assume some kind of leadership role within your Greek house? Think about your strengths, what youd like to contribute, and what youd like to learn -- and then talk with your brothers and/or sisters about how best to do so. Chair, Start, or Help Organize a Community Service Project You may not have the time to assume a leadership role for the entirety of the academic year. That doesnt mean, of course, that you cant do anything. Consider organizing some kind of community service project that is a one-time gig, perhaps in honor of a holiday (like Martin Luther King Jr. Day). Youll get the experience of planning, organizing, and implementing a major event without having it take over your entire semester. Take a Leadership Role on a Sports Team or in the Athletic Department​ Sports may be a big part of your college life, which also means that you dont have time for much else. In that case, incorporate your athletic involvement with your desire for some leadership experience. Is there a leadership role you can take on your team? Or is there something in the athletic department you can do that can help you build up your skillset? Find a Good On-Campus Job That Helps With Student Leadership​ Are you interested in student leadership but want to learn more about it from the sidelines? Consider working on campus in an office that promotes student leadership, like the Residence Life office or the Department of Student Activities. Working with the full-time staff there can help you see what leadership looks like behind the scenes as well as how to develop leaders in a formal, structured way. Be an Orientation Leader​ Being an Orientation Leader is intense. Its a lot of work in a short period of time -- but its often an amazing experience. Youll make some great friends, really learn about leadership from the ground up, and make a difference in the lives of your campuss new students. Whats not to like? Work With a Professor​ Working with a professor may not be the first thing that pops into your mind when you think of college leadership, but doing work with a professor can be an amazing opportunity. Youll demonstrate that youre an intellectual leader who is interested in pursuing new things while learning important skills that you can use after graduation (like how to research and how to follow through on a major project). Leading the way toward the discovery and exploration of new ideas counts as leadership, too. Work in the Campus Admissions Office​ You may not have thought much of the campus admissions office since you were accepted, but they often offer a lot of leadership roles for current students. See if theyre hiring for student bloggers, tour guides, or hosts. Having a role with the campus admissions office shows that youre a responsible, respectable person on campus who can communicate well with others. Take a Leadership Course Chances are, your campus offers some kind of leadership class. It may not be for credit or it may be a 4-credit class through, say, the business school. You just might find that learning about leadership in the classroom inspires you to take on more leadership outside of it.

Modernity in The Metamorphosis and The Judgement by Franz...

French poet Charles Baudelaire famously coined the term modernity as the transient, the fleeting, the contingent; it is one half of art, the other being the eternal and the immovable. This particularly characterises the transitory nature of contemporaneity, highlighting the importance art has in capturing the experience of this urban cosmopolitan. Through The Metamorphosis and The Judgement, Franz Kafka uses literature in order to portray the sickness of modernity in which tradition has crumbled under the onslaught. Kafka draws upon the negative aspects of this industrial civilisation, particularly highlighting According to Elizabeth Boa, one of the effects of the modernizing process was that of generational tensions as sons sought to over-throw paternal authority and find their own way within the modern world. A reoccurring motif within both texts is that of the role reversal of filial relationships in which the son is portrayed as the provider and the father as the dependant. This experiment with traditional family structure can be seen within The Metamorphosis as Mr. Samsa is described as almost commensurate with his wife and daughter due to being unable to support them and wholly relies on Gregor for the household income. He is illustrated as an old man...who could not take on very much, as having an arduous yet unsuccessful life and was now clumsy in his movements due to the great deal of weight he had gained. Each of these quotes have negative

Land Use around the world Free Essays

Land Use Around the World Created by Jennifer Papacy This assignment Involves you playing a game online, so you will have to open a separate browser or tab to access the website and have uninterrupted time and Internet access to complete. Make sure your read the assignment first to see what you need to focus on, as you will have to do a write up on what you observed. The website is www. We will write a custom essay sample on Land Use around the world or any similar topic only for you Order Now Guessers. Com and you can play as many times as you want for freely Each game consists of 5 rounds of where you have to guess where in the world oh are, so play for a while to get used to the controls, and take your time to really explore the locations. Guessers uses the Google Road view imagery to drop you somewhere in the world where you can navigate and explore, and you have to guess where and then click on the world map on the right hand side(you can zoom in) and select exactly in the world where you think it is. It will then tell you how close you were, and then continue on to the next location, for a total of five rounds per game. The point of this assignment is not to see how good you are at guessing, but to have oh examine land use differences In locations you are dropped Into. Make sure you have reviewed the chapter 12 concepts on land use so you can answer the following questions while demonstrating your knowledge and understanding of those concepts. Also make sure you write down exactly where you were for the assignment! Load the answers into the assignment by either cutting and pasting into the text box or uploading as a link. This is worth a maximum of 50 points, and you will be graded on completeness and demonstration of knowledge of concepts on land use and other lass concepts. After playing for a while, select and tell me the exact two locations you visited that have different land use patterns and compare and contrast in a mini paper/essay explaining if you think the areas have had good land use planning or not, and which area you would rather live and why. Answer at a minimum the following questions In the assignment and Incorporate concepts from the book and class on land use and other topics we have covered (water, energy, etc. ): Intensity of land use with description Did they develop well with the landscape and resources (was it well planned or after the fact) Is area one of the following or something else, with reasons listed why: Suburb, Ribbon Sprawl, Leapfrog Development, Tract Development, urban, Rural, Slum, Farmland? Population Density? Economic factors- do you feel this area is affluent or not, why or why not? Aesthetic Issues? Transportation/infrastructure observed and overall condition Natural Resource condition- do you think the ecosystems are healthy there? What seems good, what seems degraded? Water resources adequate? Other resources? What do you think the ecological footprint of residents would be(low, mid high) and why? Would you live here, why or why not? What could be done to Improve land use planning In this area, or how would you have done It differently? For some of these questions you may have to make a judgment call but explain why you think what you did, I. E. Any evidence. Land Use around the world By Tweets This assignment involves you playing a game online, so you will have to open a internet access to complete. Make sure your read the assignment first to see what ere! Each game consists of 5 rounds of where you have to guess where in the world you examine land use differences in locations you are dropped into. Make sure you following questions in the assignment and incorporate concepts from the book and Suburb, Ribbon Sprawl, Leapfrog Development, Tract Development, Urban, Rural, here, why or why not? What could be done to improve land use planning in this area, or how would you have done it differently? For some of these questions you may have to make a Judgment call but explain why you think what you did, I. E. Any evidence. How to cite Land Use around the world, Papers

My family free essay sample

Actually on my father’s side, I almost have no memory about my grandmother because she passed away while I was in the cradle. However, my grandfather was a hero in his young ages. My grandfather was born in 1921, during the year 1950 to 1953, my grandfather as one of the volunteer soldiers, took part in the Korean War which was aim to resist the US aggression and aid Korea. My grandfather told me that after the war, he was prized by Chairman Mao and my grandfather was proud of his experience for a long time. As for my father, he used to be a business man and the profit of his company was very acceptable. However, a few years later, the government carried out a policy that this company should be owned by the government so my father left the company and restarted his own business. However, as we know, along with the development in this modern society and the decreasing employment rate, to run a business successfully is not as easy as before. We will write a custom essay sample on My Family or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In spite of the fact that my father’s current business is not as profitable as the previous one, however, his spirit always encourages me to study hard and to be a useful man. As for my mother’s side, before my grandfather’s retirement, he was a governmental officer who always seeks the benefits and rights for the public. At that time, some of the governmental officers in order to gain their own profit or benefits, they used their job positions or power to do some unethical issues. Up to now, what I am very proud of is that my grandfather was a honest governmental officer and from his working principles, I understood that a good officer should always put people’s rights in the first place. In terms of my grandmother, when she was young, she was keen to learn knowledge, and she became a teacher after her bachelor’s degree. However, the Cultural Revolution that happened during the year 1966 to 1976 broke my grandmother’s dream. When the Cultural Revolution burst, my grandmother was assigned to the Xinjing province which was the poorest city in North West of China. At the place, my grandmother could not be a teacher any more, instead, she must help to produce the rice and corns. My grandmother told that ten years were the hardest time that she never had because her dream and interests was to be a teacher so that the young people will learn knowledge from her. However, the Cultural Revolution ended in 1976, and China renewed its central administration that Deng Xiaoping was chosen to be the new chairman of China. In the year 1978, China became to focus on the technological and economical developments so my grandmother was asked to come back to her home city and to be a teacher again. When my grandmother heard about that news, she could not help to cry because to be a teacher was her dream forever. Up to now, although grandmother retired from her position, but when it comes to the Chinese New Year, or any traditional holidays, there must be a lot of her students come to her house to thank her and spend the holidays together. Almost each of her students respects my grandmother, as well as my whole family. Form my family’s history, I feel that I am a lucky boy that each member love each other, and each family member is trying their best to make our family have a better life.

Poetry Unit 2000 Essays - American Cuisine, Connacht, Galway

Poetry Unit 2000 Poetry Unit 2000 LIMERICK There once was a kid named Darren, Who's room was surprisingly barren, He had no toys, Like all normal boys, But he did believe in sharing. There once was an old man named Esser, Whose knowledge grew lesser and lesser, It at last grew so small He knew nothing at all, And now he's a college professor. HAIKU Morning light appears The new day has awoken Nature stirs and sighs Spirits haunt my dreams Skeletons muffle my screams Night as black as death EPIGRAM The days become months and those become years, Only memories remain of both joy and tears. The screams the cries and the pain, All of this goes on in one's brain. PARODY Galway Bay Maybe some day I'll go back again to Ireland If my dear old wife would only pass away She nearly has my heart broke with all her naggin She's got a mouth as big as Galway Bay See her drinking sixteen pints of pabst blue ribbon And then she can walk home without a sway If the sea were beer instead of salty water She'd live and die in Galway Bay See her drinking sixteen pints at Padgo Murphey's The barman says I think it's time to go Well she doesn't try to speak to him in Gaelic In a language that the clergy do not know On her back she has tattooed a map of Ireland And when she takes her bath on Saturday She rubs the sunlight soap around by Claddagh Just watch the suds flow down by Galway Bay. IMITATION Happy and Gay May one day I'll go back again to my homeland, If only faster time will pass away, It's been many years and now its dragging, That's the only time I'll be happy and gay. See myself drinking six doses of bourbon And then I linger about and sway If instead I could have plain water That's when I'll be happy and gay. See myself drinking doses after doses The doctor says to take it slow Well I try to speak to him about this In any possible way I know. On my back is a map of my homeland And when the day will finally arrive Ill be running and dancing and singing Knowing only the right place to survive. BALLAD Who Threw The Golf Balls In My. Friends Chowder? My friends gave a party just about a week ago, Everything was plentiful because they're not too slow, They treated us like guests and we tried to act the same, And only what happened next was an awful shame. Who threw the golf balls in their chowder? Nobody spoke so we shouted all the louder, It's a little trick but we'll catch the guys that threw, The golf balls in my friends chowder. When they were cleaning the dish of chowder, they fainted on the spot. They found a set of golf balls at the bottom of the pot. The neighbors got very mad with their eyes bulging out. They stood upon the stand and loudly did they shout. They took the balls from out of the soup and laid them on the floor. Each of us swore that we'd ne'er seen them before. They were packed up with morter and were worn to the knee. Only for what happened then it was just too sad to see. When they came to, they began to cry and shout. They had put them in the wash that day and forgot to take them out. The fellow neighbors excused themselves for what they said that night So we put music to the words and sang with all our might. Poetry Essays

Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay Essays

Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay Essays Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay Paper Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay Paper 1987. But six yearsafter it has reimposed the decease punishment. the Philippines has overtaken its Asiatic neighbours and hasthe most figure of decease inmates. Within less than a twelvemonth. nevertheless. the military constitution was buttonholing for its reimposition as ameans to battle the â€Å"intensifying† offenses of the CPP/NPA guerillas. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos. thenChief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and subsequently elected President of the Philippines in 1992. was among those who were strongly naming for the reintroduction of the decease punishment againstrebellion. slaying and drug trafficking. In mid 1987. a measure to reinstate the decease punishment was submitted to Congress. Military force per unit area wasvery much evident in the preamble which cited the pestering insurgence every bit good asthe recommendations of the constabulary and the military as obliging grounds for the reimposition ofthe decease punishment. The measure cited recent right flying putsch efforts as an illustration of the alarmingdeterioration of peace and order and argued for the decease punishment both as an effectual deterrentagainst flagitious offenses and as a affair of simple retaliatory justness. When Ramos was elected as President in 1992. he declared that the reimposition of the deathpenalty would be one of his precedences. Political discourtesies such as rebellion were dropped from thebill. However. the list of offenses was expanded to include economic discourtesies such as smuggling andbribery. In December 1993. RA 7659 reconstructing the decease punishment was signed into jurisprudence. The jurisprudence makersargued the deteriorating offense state of affairs was a compeling ground for its reimposition. The mainreason given was that the decease punishment is a hindrance to offense. In 1996. RA 8177 was approved. qualifying deadly injection as the method of executing. Six old ages after Last February 5. 1999. Leo Echegaray. a house painter. was executed for repeatedly ravishing hisstepdaughter. He was the first inmate to be executed since the re-imposition of decease punishment in1995. His executing sparked one time once more a het argument between the anti and the pro-death penaltyforces in the Philippines with a immense bulk of people naming for the executing of Echegaray. Thatthere was a strong blare for the infliction of the decease punishment should be viewed from the pointof position of a citizen who is urgently seeking ways to halt criminalism. The Estrada disposal peddled the decease punishment as the counterpoison to offense. The concluding wasthat if the felons will be afraid to perpetrate offenses if they see that the authorities is determinedto put to death them. Oppositors maintained that the decease punishment is non a hindrance and that therehave been surveies already exposing the disincentive theory. Legislators and politicians refused toheed the rec ommendation of the Supreme Court for Congress to reexamine the decease punishment siting onthe popularity of the pro-death punishment sentiment Six old ages after its reimposition. more than 1. 200 persons have been sentenced to decease andseven inmates have been executed through deadly injection. Yet today. there are no marks thatcriminality has gone down. From February 6. 1999. a twenty-four hours after Leo Echegaray was executed. to May 31 1999 two leadingnewspapers reported a sum of 163 offenses which could be punishable by decease punishment. But perhapsthe best index that this jurisprudence is non a hindrance to criminalism is the ever-increasing figure ofdeath inmates. From 1994 to 1995 the figure of individuals on decease row increased from 12 to 104. From 1995 to1996 it increased to 182. In 1997 the entire decease inmates was at 520 and in 1998 the inmates indeath row was at 781. As of November 1999 there are a sum of 956 decease inmates at the NationalBilibid Prisons and at the Correctional Institute for Women. As of December 31. 1999. based on the statistics compiled by the Episcopal Commission on PrisonerWelfare of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. there were a sum of 936 convictsinterned at the National Bilibid Prisons and another 23 detained at the Correctional Institute forWomen. Of these figures. six are bush leagues and 12 are aliens. One of the grounds as to why human rights groups oppose the decease punishment is because of theweaknesses and imperfectnesss of the Philippine justness system. This is really much evident in thereview of decease punishment instances made by the Supreme Court from 1995 to 1999. Two out of everythree decease sentences handed down by the local tribunals were found to be erroneous by the SupremeCourt. Out of the 959 inmates the SC reviewed 175 instances affecting 200 inmates from 1995 to 1999 ; 3cases were reviewed in 1995. 8 in 1996. 8 in 1997. 38 in 1998. 118 in 1999. Of these 175 instances. the SC affirmed with conclusiveness and first avowal merely 31 % or 54 casesinvolving 60 inmates. Of these instances 24 were affirmed with conclusiveness. while the staying 36 weregiven first avowal. Sixty nine per centum ( 69 % ) or 121 instances were either modified. acquitted or remanded for retrial. Eighty four ( 84 ) instances affecting 95 inmates were modified to reclusion perpetua. 10 insta nces involving11 inmates were modified to indeterminate punishment. 11 instances affecting 11 inmates were remanded tolower tribunal for retrial and 16 instances affecting 23 inmates were acquitted by the SC. . In a survey prepared by the Free Legal Assistance Group ( FLAG ) . it pointed out that the consequence ofthe reappraisal of instances done by the Supreme Court â€Å"point all excessively clearly to the imperfectnesss. failings and jobs of the Philippine justness system† . Some determinations of the test tribunals wereoverturned for enforcing decease punishment on discourtesies which were non capable to decease punishment. Otherdecisions of the lower tribunals were set aside because of substantial and procedural mistakes duringarraignment and test. Still others were struck down because the lower tribunal mis-appreciatedevidences. In a study conducted among 425 inmates in 1998. 105 or 24. 7 % were agricultural workers. 103were building workers. 73 were transport workers. and 42 were in workers in gross revenues andservices. Merely 6 % finished college while 32. 4 % finished assorted degrees of high school while theremaining did non travel to school or hold finished merely simpl e or vocational instruction It is possibly of import to indicate out that out of these 46 offenses punishable by decease. the deathpenalty has been applied to merely 17 offenses. No 1 has been convicted of qualified graft. qualifiedpiracy and loot. Interestingly besides. no public functionary has been sentenced to decease for crimesinvolving public functionaries. Yet. the authorities maintains that it is effectual in battling offense. Under the decease penaltylaw. 46 offenses are considered flagitious and are now capable to the decease punishment. It imposes themandatory decease punishment on 21 offenses while the other 25 offenses are decease eligible. These arecrimes for which a scope of punishments including the decease punishment is imposed. Some Congressmans and Senators are suggesting other lists of offenses to add to the above. Some evencontemplated take downing the age of those punishable by the decease punishment to include youthfuloffenders. The decease punishment is an easy manner out for a authorities in the face of a strong call from thecitizenry who wanted the authorities to halt criminalism. It is being used to make the semblance thatthe author ities is making something to halt the offenses when in fact it is non. Sad though it possibly. more lives would be lost unless the decease punishment in the Philippines is repealed. SANTOS A. LABANPHILIPPINE ALLIANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATESAquino disposal 1987 Harmonizing to the 1987 Constitution. Art. III ( Bill of Rights ) . Sec. 19. ( 1 ) Excessive mulcts shall non be imposed. nor barbarous. degrading or cold penalty inflicted. Neither shall decease punishment be imposed. unless. for obliging grounds affecting flagitious offenses. theCongress afterlife provides for it. Any decease punishment already imposed shall be reduced toreclusion perpetua. In mid-1987. a measure to seeking to reinstate the decease punishment for 15 ‘heinous crimes’ includingmurder. rebellion and the import or sale of forbidden drugs was submitted in Congress. 1988 In 1988. the armed forces started buttonholing for the infliction of the decease punishment. Then Armed Forcesof the Philippines Chief General Fidel Ramos was outstanding among those naming for thereintroduction of the decease punishment for rebellion. slaying and drug-trafficking. The militarycampaign for the Restoration of the capital penalty was chiefly against the CPP-NPA. whoseoffensives so included urban blackwash runs. Anti-death punishment groups including Amnesty International opposed the measure. but the House ofRepresentatives voted for Restoration by 130 ballots to 25. 1989 Three similar measures were put before the Senate. After a bloody 1989 putsch. President Aquinocertified as pressing one of these measures on the suggestion of Ramos. The said measure once more proposed deathpenalty for rebellion. every bit good as for sedition. corruption and rebellion. 1990 The Senate suspended the ballot on decease punishment for a twelvemonth1991 The Senate did non hold to travel to a determination. Ramos disposal A series of high profile offenses during this period. including the slaying of Eileen Sarmenta andAllan Gomez. created public feeling that flagitious offenses were on the rise. The Ramosadministration succeeded in reconstructing decease punishment. 1992 President Fidel Ramos during his first State of the Nation reference declared that hisadministration would see the Restoration of the decease punishment a legislative precedence. and urgedCongress to take rapid action. 1993 Ramos signed into Republic Act 7659. the new decease punishment jurisprudence. on December 13. 1993. 1994Republic Act 7659 took consequence on January 1. 1994.1996 Republic Act No. 8177. which mandates that a decease sentence shall be carried out through lethalinjection. was approved on March 20. 1996. Estrada disposal Seven decease inmates were executed during the Estrada disposal before he announced amoratorium on executings. 1999 Leo Echegaray. 38. was executed by deadly injection on February 5. 1999. He was the first to beexecuted after the Philippines restored decease punishment. It was the Philippine’s first executing in 22 old ages. Six more work forces followed within the following 11 months. 2000 On March 24. 2000. Estrada imposed a de facto moratorium in observation of the Christian JubileeYear. He besides granted 108 Executive Clemencies to decease inmates. On December 10. 2000. Human Rights Day. Estrada announced that he would transpose sentences ofall decease inmates to life imprisonment. He expressed his desire to attest as pressing a measure seeking arepeal of the Death Penalty Law. Arroyo disposal Please see Gloria Arroyo on decease penalty–a timelineWhile the Arroyo disposal has been characterized by a flip-flopping base on decease punishment. no decease inmate has been executed under her ticker. Voting individually. the two Houses of Congress on June 6. 2006 repealed the decease punishment jurisprudence. Arroyo signed Republic Act 9346 on June 24. 2006. The jurisprudence prohibited the infliction of the deathpenalty. History of decease punishment inthe Philippines The history of the decease punishment was extensively discussed by the Supreme Court in People vs. Echegaray. [ 1 ] As early 1886. capital penalty had entered the Philippine legal system through theold Penal Code. which was a modified version of the Spanish Penal Code of 1870. The Revised Penal Code. which was enforced on 1 January 1932. provided for the decease punishment inspecified offenses under specific fortunes. Under the Revised Penal Code. decease is the penaltyfor the offenses of lese majesty. correspondence with the enemy during times of war. qualified buccaneering. parricide. slaying. infanticide. snatch. colza with homicide or with the usage of deathly weapon orby two or more individuals ensuing in insanity. robbery with homicide. and arson ensuing in decease. The list of capital discourtesies lengthened as the legislative assembly responded to the exigencies of thetimes. In 1941. Commonwealth Act ( C. A. ) No. 616 added espionage to the list. In the fiftiess. at the heightof the Huk rebellion. the authorities enacted Republic Act ( R. A. ) No. 1700. otherwise known as theAnti-Subversion Law. which carried the decease punishment for leaders of the rebellion. From 1971 to1972. more capital discourtesies were created by more Torahs. among them. t he Anti-Hijacking Law. theDangerous Drugs Act. and the Anti-Carnapping Law. During soldierly jurisprudence. Presidential Decree ( P. D. ) No. 1866 was enacted punishing with decease. among others. offenses affecting homicide committedwith an unaccredited piece. In the wake of the 1986 revolution that dismantled the Marcos government and led to thenullification of the 1973 Constitution. a new fundamental law was drafted and ratified. The1987Constitutionprovides in Article III. Section 19 ( 1 ) that: Excessive mulcts shall non be imposed. nor barbarous. degrading or cold penalty inflicted. Neithershall decease punishment be imposed. unless. for obliging grounds affecting flagitious offenses. the Congresshereafter provides for it. Any decease punishment already imposed shall be reduced to reclusionperpetua. Congress passed Republic Act No. 7659 ( entitled â€Å"An Act to Enforce the Death Punishment on CertainHeinous Crimes. Amending for that Purpose the Revised Penal Code. as Amended. Other SpecialPenal Laws. and for Other Purposes† ) . which took consequence on 31 December 1993. Constitutional challengeThis is extensively discussed in the instance of Peoples vs. Echegaray. ( For redacting ) Abolition of decease penaltyOn 24 June 2006. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed into jurisprudence Republic Act No. 9346. entitled â€Å"An Act Forbiding the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines† Effectiveness of the new jurisprudence Section 5 of R. A. No. 9346 specifically provides that it shall take consequence instantly after itspublication in two national newspapers of general circulation. This is pursuant to Article 2 oftheCivil Codewhich provides that Torahs shall take consequence after 15 yearss following the completion oftheir publication either in the Official Gazette. or in a newspaper of general circulation in thePhilippines. unless it is otherwise provided. R. A. No. 9346 was published in Malaya and Manila Times. two national newspapers of generalcirculation on 29 June 2006. Consequently. R. A. No. 9346 took consequence on 30 June 2006. [ 2 ] Exemplifying instances As a consequence of the abolishment of the decease punishment. bing punishments for decease were reducedtoreclusion perpetua. within the possibility ofparole. Here are exemplifying instances: The instance of Peoples of the Philippines vs. Quiachon [ 3 ] involves an accused who raped his 8-year olddaughter. a deaf-and-dumb. Under Article 266-B of theRevised Penal Code. the imposable penaltyshould have been decease. With the abolishment of the Death Penalty. nevertheless. the punishment was reducedtoreclusion perpetua. without the possibility of parole under theIndeterminate Sentence Law. The instance of Peoples of the Philippines vs. Santos [ 4 ] involves therapeof a 5-year old kid. Theaccused was meted the punishment of decease because colza committed against a  ¶child below seven ( 7 ) old ages old · is a dastardly and abhorrent offense which merits no less than the infliction of capitalpunishment under Article 266-B of theRevised Penal Code. The sentence was besides reducedtoreclusion perpetua. without the possibility ofparole. The instance of Peoples vs. Salome [ 5 ]involves arapeof a 13-year old miss ( who got pregnant ) . committedin a home and with the assistance of a bladed arm. The imposable punishment should hold been decease. but with the abolishment of the Death Penalty. theSupreme Courtreduced the punishment toreclusion perpetua. without the possibility ofparole. The instance of Peoples of the Philippines vs. Tubongbanua [ 6 ]involves the slaying of a victim whosuffered 18 pang lesions which were all directed to her thorax. bosom and lungs. Sing theexistence of the measure uping circumstance of apparent forethought and the aggravatingcircumstances of brooding. and taking advantage of superior strength without any mitigatingcircumstance. the proper imposable punishment would hold been decease. However. with the abolishment ofthe decease punishment jurisprudence. the punishment imposed wasreclusion perpetua. without the possibility ofparole